Thank you for pointing me in the right direction. The shortcode, as you pointed out, can be used to retrieve data from custom fields. The way to go about mapping the fields for storage was explained here:
https://formidableforms.com/knowledgebase/user-registration/#kb-user-meta
First you build your field in the form builder. Then you go to the "Registered User" Form Action in the Action & Notification Settings for the form. There you can map your meta field name to the Field name you build in the form builder.
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